Publications :: Revised October 20, 2011

Published or in press: Reinhart, K. O., D. Johnson and K. Clay. 2011. Effects of trees on their recruits in the southern Appalachians, USA. Forest Ecology and Management (in press). Flory, S., Kleczewski, N. and K. Clay. 2011. Ecological consequences of emerging pathogens on an invasive grass. Ecosphere (in press). Reynolds, H. L. and K. Clay. 2011. Migratory species and ecological processes. Environmental Law 41: 371-391. Flory, S., F. Long and K. Clay. 2011. Evolution of an invader: performance of introduced vs. native range populations across diverse environments. Ecology (in press). Reinhart, K. O., W. H. Van der Putten, T. Tytgat and K. Clay. 2011. Variation in specificity of soil-borne pathogens from a plant's native range versus its non-native range. International Journal of Ecology (in press). Flory, S., Long, F. and K. Clay. 2011. Greater performance of introduced vs. native range populations of Microstegium vimineum across variable light environments. Basic and Applied Ecology (in press). Clay, K., J. A. Rudgers and A. Shelton. 2010. Tall fescue, endophyte infection and vegetation change: A 10-year experiment. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK (in press). Rudgers, J. A. and K. Clay. 2010. Microbial mutualists and biodiversity in ecosystems. In press. In Ecology and Evolution of Trait-Mediated Indirect Interactions. (T. Ohgushi, O. Schmitz and R. Holt, Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (in press). Clay, K. and C. Fuqua. 2010. The tick microbiome: diversity, distribution and influence of the internal microbial community for a blood-feeding disease vector. National Academies of Sciences Report: Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Diseases: The State of Science (in press). Reinhart, K. O., Royo, A. A, Kageyama, S. and K. Clay. 2010. Canopy gaps decrease microbial densities and disease risk for a shade-intolerant tree species. Acta Oecologica 36: 530-536. Larimer, A.L., Bever, J. B. and K. Clay. 2010. Meta-analysis of the interactive effects of plant microbial symbionts. Symbiosis 51: 139-148. Goodrich-Blair, H. Ané, J-M., Bever, J. B., Bordenstein, S., Bright, M., Chaston, J. M., Clay, K., Currie, C. R., Douglas, A. E., Gerardo, N., Harrison. M. J., Ley, R. E., McFall-Ngai, M., Mukherjee, A., Rader, B., Raffa, K. F., Ruby, E. G., Saffo, M. B., Selosse, M-A., Sonnenburg, J. L., Stock, S. P., Suen, G., Turnau, K., Udvardi, M., Visick, K. L. and V. M. Weis. 2010. Symbiosis research, technology, and education: Proceedings 5 of the 6th International Symbiosis Society Congress held 6 in Madison Wisconsin, USA, August 2009. Symbiosis (in press) (meeting report). Flory, S. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion suppresses forest succession. Oecologia 164: 1029-1038. Civitello, D. J., Rynkiewicz, E. and K. Clay. 2010. Meta-analysis of co-infections in ticks. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution (in press). Koslow, J. M. and K. Clay. 2010. Spatial and temporal dynamics of rust infection on jewelweed (Impatiens capensis). International Journal of Plant Sciences 171: 529-537. Rudgers, J. A., Davitt, A. J., Clay, K., Gundel, P. and M. Omacini. 2010. Searching for evidence against the mutualistic nature of hereditary symbiosis: A comment on Faeth. The American Naturalist 176: 99-103. Rudgers, J. A., Fischer, S, and K. Clay. 2010. Managing plant symbiosis: Fungal endophyte genotype alters plant community composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 468-477. Reinhart, K. O., T. Tytgat, W. H. Van der Putten and K. Clay. 2010. Virulence of soil-borne pathogens and invasion by Prunus serotina. New Phytologist 186: 484-495. Speer, J. H., K. Clay, G. Bishop and M. Creech. 2010. The effect of periodical cicadas on growth of five tree species in midwestern deciduous forests. American Midland Naturalist 164: 173-186. Droste, T., Flory, S. L. and K. Clay. 2010. Variation for phenotypic plasticity among populations of an invasive exotic grass. Plant Ecology 207: 297-306. Flory, S. and K. Clay. 2010. Non-native grass invasion alters native plant composition in experimental communities. Biological Invasions 12: 1285-1294. Flory, S. and K. Clay. 2009. Effects of roads and forest successional age on experimental plant invasions. Journal of Biological Conservation 142: 2531-2537. Clay, K. and P. Poole. 2009. Synthesizing symbiosis, if possible with multiple partners. New Phytologist 185: 10-13. (Invited meeting review). Seddighzadeh, A., R. R. Pinger, R. R., Zercher, A., Steiner, F. E. Klyachko, O., Vann, C. N., Clay, K. and C. Fuqua. 2009. Strains of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Southern Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi and North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology 46: 1468-1473. Clay, K., Shelton, A. L. and C. Winkle. 2009. Effects of oviposition by periodical cicadas on tree growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 1688-1697. Craven, K.D., Clay, K. and C. L. Schardl. 2009. Systematics and Morphology. Pp. 11-30, In Tall Fescue for the Twenty-first Century. (H.A. Fribourg, D.B. Hannaway, and C.P. West, Eds.). Agronomy Monograph 53, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Reinhart, K. and K. Clay. 2009. Spatial variation in soil-borne disease dynamics of a temperate tree, Prunus serotina. Ecology 90: 2984-2993. Flory, S. and K. Clay. 2009. Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 434-442. Clay, K. 2009. A natural environmental for environmental literacy. Pp. 150-157, In Environmental Literacy: A Basic Competency for 21st Century University Education. (HL Reynolds, ES Brondizio, DM Karpa-Wilson, and BL Gross, Eds.), IU Press Bloomington. Clay, K. 2008. Defensive Mutualism and Grass Endophytes: Still Valid After All These Years? Pp. 9-20, In Defensive Mutualism in Microbial Symbiosis (J. White and M. Torres, Eds.), Taylor & Francis Group Publishers, Boca Raton. Ren, A. and K. Clay. 2009. Impact of a horizontally transmitted endophyte, Balansia henningsiana, on growth and drought tolerance of Panicum rigidulum. International Journal of Plant Science 599-608. Clay, K., A. Shelton and C. Winkle. 2009. Differential susceptibility of tree species to oviposition by periodical cicadas. Ecological Entomology 34: 277-286. Clay, K., O. Klyachko, N. Grindle, D. Civitello, D. Oleske and C. Fuqua. 2008. Microbial communities and interactions in the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Molecular Ecology 17: 4371-4381. Civitello, D., S. L. Flory and K. Clay. 2008. Invasion reduces survival of Amblyomma americanumÊand Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 45: 867-872. Rudgers, J. and K. Clay. 2008. An invasive plant-fungal mutualism reduces arthropod diversity. Ecology Letters 11: 831-840. Tintjer, T., A. Leuchtmann and K. Clay. 2008. Variation in horizontal and vertical transmission of the endophyte Epichloë elymi infecting the grass Elymus hystrix. New Phytologist 179:236-246. Steiner, F. E., R. R. Pinger, C. N. Vann, N. Grindle, K. Clay and C. Fuqua 2008. Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Journal of Medical Entomology 45: 289-297. S. E. Perkins, Altizer, S., Bjornstad, O., Burdon, J. J., Clay, K., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Jeschke, J. M., Johnson, P. T. J., Lafferty, K. D., Malmstrom, C. M., Martin, P., Power, A., Strayer, D. L., Thrall, P. H. and M. Uriarte. 2008. Invasion Biology and Parasitic Infections. Pp. 179-204, In Infectious Disease Ecology: Effects of Ecosystems on Disease and of Disease on Ecosystems. (V. Eviner, F. Keesing and R. Ostfeld, Eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton. Clay, K., Reinhart, K., Rudgers, J., Tintjer, T., Koslow, J. and S. L. Flory. 2008. Red queen communities. Pp. 145-178, In Ecology of Infectious Diseases: Interactions between diseases and ecosystems. (V. Eviner, F. Keesing and R. Ostfeld, Eds.). Princeton University Press, Princeton. Finlay, R. D. and K. Clay. 2007. Fungal endophytes in forests, woody plants and grassland ecosystems: diversity, functional ecology and evolution. Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 49-50. Klyachko, O. B. Stein, N. Grindle, K. Clay and C. Fuqua. 2007. Localization and visualization of a Coxiella-type symbiont within the Lone Star Tick Amblyomma americanum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 6584-6594. Koslow, J. M. and K. Clay. 2007. The mixed mating system of Impatiens capensis and infection by a foliar rust pathogen: Patterns of resistance and fitness consequences. Evolution 61: 2643-2654. Marks, S. and K. Clay. 2007. Low resource availability differentially affects the growth of host grasses infected by fungal endophytes. International Journal of Plant Science 168: 1269-1277. Rudgers, J. A. and K. Clay. 2007. Endophyte symbiosis with tall fescue: how strong are the impacts on communities and ecosystems? Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 107-124. Flory, S.L., J.A. Rudgers, and K. Clay. 2007. Experimental light treatments affect invasion success and the impact of Microstegium vimineum on the resident community. Natural Areas Journal 27: 124-132. Rudgers, J. A., Holah, J., Orr, S. P. and K. Clay. 2007. Forest succession suppressed by an introduced plant-fungal symbiosis. Ecology 88: 18-25. Rieseberg, L. H., Kim, S-C, Randell, R. A., Whitney, K. D., Gross, B. L., Lexer, C. and K. Clay. 2007. Hybridization and the colonization of novel habitats by annual sunflowers. Genetica 129: 149-165. Fresia E. Steiner, F. E., Pinger, R. R., Vann, C. N, Abley, M. J., Sullivan, B., Grindle, N., Clay, K. and C. Fuqua. 2006. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei DNA in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected in Indiana. Journal of Medical Entomology 43: 437-442. Finkes, L. K., Cady, A. B., Mulroy, J. C., Clay, K. and Rudgers, J. A.. 2006. PlantÐfungus mutualism affects spider composition in successional fields. Ecology Letters 9: 347-356. Flory, S. L. and K. Clay. 2006. Invasive shrub distribution varies with distance to roads and stand age in eastern deciduous forests in Indiana, USA. Plant Ecology 184: 131-141. Clay, K., Fuqua, C., Lively, C. and M. J. Wade. 2006. Microbial community ecology of tick-borne human pathogens. Pp. 41-57, In Disease Ecology: Community Structure and Pathogen Dynamics (S. K. Collinge and C. Ray, Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford. Orr, S. P., Rudgers, J. A. and K. Clay. 2005. Invasive plants can inhibit native tree seedlings: Testing mechanisms of allelopathy. Plant Ecology 181: 153-165. Lively, C. M., Clay, K. Wade, M. J. and C. Fuqua. 2005. Competitive coexistence of vertically and horizontally transmitted parasites. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 1183-1190. Lemons, A., Clay, K. and J. A. Rudgers. 2005. Connecting plant-microbial interactions above- and belowground: a fungal endophyte affects decomposition. Oecologia 145:595-604. Clay, K., Holah, J. and J. A. Rudgers. 2005. Herbivores cause a rapid increase in hereditary symbiosis and alter plant community composition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 102:12465-12470. Reinhart, K. 0., Royo, A. A., Van der Putten, W. H. and K. Clay. 2005. Soil feedback and pathogen activity in Prunus serotina throughout its native range. Journal of Ecology 93:890-898. Rudgers, J. A. and K. Clay. 2005. Fungal endophytes in terrestrial communities and ecosystems. Pp. 423-442. In The Fungal Community, Vol. 3 (J. Deighton and J. White, Eds). Kluwer, Dordrecht. Clay, K. 2004. Fungi and the food of the gods. Nature 427: 401-402 (invited News and Views article). Packer, A. and K. Clay. 2004. Development of negative feedback during successive growth cycles of black cherry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 317-324. Rudgers, J. A., Koslow, J.M. and K. Clay. 2004. Endophytic fungi alter relationships between diversity and ecosystem processes. Ecology Letters 7: 42-51. Pan, J. J. and K. Clay. 2004. Epichloë glyceriae infection affects carbon translocation in the clonal grass Glyceria striata. New Phytologist 164: 467-475. Price, J., J. Bever and K. Clay. 2004. Genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interactions determine quantitative resistance to leaf rust (Coleosporium asterum) in Euthamia graminifolia (Asteraceae). New Phytologist 162: 729-743. Reinhart, K. O., Packer, A., van der Putten, W. and K. Clay. 2003. Plant-soil biota interactions and spatial distribution of black cherry in its native and invasive ranges. Ecology Letters 6: 1046-1050. Pan, J. J. and K. Clay. 2003. Infection by the systemic fungus, Epichloë glyceriae, alters clonal growth of its grass host, Glyceria striata. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 1585-1591. Clay, K. 2003. Parasites lost. Nature 421: 585-586 (invited News and Views article). Grindle, N., Tyner, J. J., Clay, K. and C. Fuqua. 2003. Identification of Arsenophonus-type bacteria from the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 264-266. Reynolds, H. L., Packer, A., Bever, J. D. and K. Clay. 2003. Grassroots ecology: Plant-microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics. Ecology 84: 2281-2291. Packer, A. and K. Clay. 2003. Soil pathogens and Prunus serotina seedling and sapling growth near conspecific trees. Ecology 84: 108-119. Clay, K. 2002. The fescue, the fungus and the prairie vole. Natural History Magazine (May, p.67). Clay, K. and C. L. Schardl. 2002. Evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses. American Naturalist 160:S99-S127. Pan, J. J. and K. Clay. 2002. Infection by the systemic fungus Epichloë glyceriae and clonal growth of its host grass Glyceria striata. Oikos 98:37-46. Clay, K. 2001. Symbiosis and the regulation of communities. American Zoologist 41:810-824. Fortier, G. M., M. A. Osman, M. Roach and K. Clay. 2001. Are female voles food limited? Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue on home range size in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). American Midland Naturalist 146:63-71. Richardson, C. R. and K. Clay. 2001. Sex ratio variation among Arisaema species with different patterns of gender-diphasy. Plant Species Biology 16:1-12. Matthews, J. and K. Clay. 2001. Influence of fungal endophyte infection on plant-soil feedback and community interactions. Ecology 82: 500-509. Packer, A. and K. Clay. 2000. Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree. Nature 404:278-281. Clay, K. and J. Holah. 2000. Response to Saikkonen, (Technical Comment). Science 287:1887a. Fortier, G., Bard, N., Jansen, M. and K. Clay. 2000. Effects of tall fescue endophyte infection and population density on growth and reproduction in prairie voles. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:122-128. Clay, K. and W. van der Putten. 1999. Pathogens and plant life histories. In Life History Evolution in Plants (T. Vuorisalo and P. Mutikainen. Eds.). Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 275-301). Clay, K. and J. Holah. 1999. Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields. Science 285: 1742-1744. Kover, P.X. and K. Clay. 1998. Trade-off between virulence and vertical transmission and the maintenance of a virulent plant pathogen. American Naturalist 152:165-175. Clay, K. 1998. Fungal endophytes and the dynamics of grass populations. In The Population Biology of Grasses (G. Cheplick, Ed.). Chapman & Hall, New York pp. 255-285. Clay, K. 1998. The Nature of Disease in Plants (published book review). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:38-39. Kover, P.X., T. E. Dolan, and K. Clay. 1997. Potential versus realized transmission rates of a vertically and horizontally transmitted plant pathogen. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264:903-909. Clay, K. 1997. Consequences of endophyte-infected grasses on plant biodiversity. In Acremonium/Grass Interactions (C. Bacon and N. Hill, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 109-124. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1997. The population biology of grass endophytes. In The Mycota Vol VI: Plant Relationships (G. Carroll and P. Tudzynski, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 185-202. Schardl, C.L. and K. Clay. 1997. Evolution of mutualistic endophytes from plant pathogens. In The Mycota Vol. VI: Plant Relationships (G. Carroll and P. Tudzynski, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 221-238. Clay, K. and V.K. Brown. 1997. Infection of Holcus lanatus and H. mollis by Epichloë in experimental grasslands. Oikos 79:363-370. Clay, K. 1997. Fungal endophytes, herbivores and the structure of grassland communities. In Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial System (A.C. Gange, V.K. Brown, eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp. 151-169. Clay, K. and P. Kover. 1996. Evolution and stasis in plant-pathogen interactions. Ecology 77: 997-1003. Clay, K. 1996. Interactions between fungal endophytes, grasses and herbivores. Researches on Population Ecology 38:191-201. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1996. Isozyme evidence for host races of the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Clavicipitaceae) infecting the Danthonia (Poaceae) complex in the southern Appalachians. American Journal of Botany 83:1144-1152. Marks, S. and K. Clay. 1996. Physiological responses of Festuca arundinacea (Poaceae) to fungal endophyte infection. New Phytologist 133:727-733. Clay, K. and P. Kover. 1996. The Red Queen hypothesis and plant/pathogen interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology 34: 29-50. Clay, K. 1995. Endophyte. In Dictionary of the Fungi, Eighth Edition. (D.L. Hawksworth, P. M. Kirk, B. C. Sutton and D. N. Pegler, eds.). CAB International, Egham. pp. 150. . Lively, C.M., S.G. Johnson, L.F. Delph and K. Clay. 1995. Thinning reduces the effect of rust infestion on jewelweed. Ecology 76:1859-1862. Clay, K. 1995. Correlates of pathogen species richness in the grass family. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:542-549. Fowler, N.F. and K. Clay. 1995. Environmental heterogeneity, fungal parasitism and the demography of the grass Stipa leucotricha. Oecologia 103:55-62. Clay, K. 1995. Holcus mollis. Castanea 60:84-85. Van Horn, R. and K. Clay. 1995. mtDNA variation in the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon infecting sympatric Danthonia grasses. Evolution 49:360-371. Lu, M. and K. Clay. 1994. Differential growth of Atkinsonella species on host grass calli. Mycologia 86:667-673. Clay, K. 1994. The potential role of endophytes in ecosystems. In Biotechnology of Endophytic fungi of grasses (C.W. Bacon and J. White, eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 73-86. Clay, K. 1994. Hereditary symbiosis in the grass genus Danthonia. New Phytologist 126:223-231. Clay, K. 1993. Recent advances in the ecology of endophytes. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acremonium/Grass Interactions (D.E. Hume, G.C.M. Latch and H.S. Easton, eds.). AgResearch, Palmerston North, pp. 11-30. Clay, K. 1993. The ecology and evolution of endophytes. In Acremonium/Grass Interactions (R. Joost and S. Quisenberry, eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 39-64 (same as AEE paper). Clay, K. and I. Frentz. 1993. Balansia pilulaeformis, another epiphytic "endophyte." Mycologia 85:527-534. Clay, K. 1993. Size-dependent gender change in Green Dragon (Arisaema dracontium). American Journal of Botany 80:769-777. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1993. Nonreciprocal compatibility between Epichloë typhina and four host grasses. Mycologia 85:157-63. Clay, K., S. Marks and G.P. Cheplick. 1993. Effects of insect herbivory and fungal endophyte infection on competitive interactions among grasses. Ecology 74:1767-1777. Clay, K. 1993. The ecology and evolution of endophytes. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 44:39-64. Clay, K. 1992. Fungal endophytes of plants: biological and chemical diversity. Natural Toxins 1:147-149. Clay, K. 1992. Mycophyllas and mycorrhizas: comparisons and contrasts. In Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems (I.J. Alexander, A.H. Fitter, D.H. Lewis and D.J. Read, eds.). CAB International, London, pp. 13-25. Petroski, R.J., R.G. Powell, and K. Clay. 1992. Alkaloids of Stipa robusta (Sleepygrass) infected with an Acremonium endophyte. Natural Toxins 1:84-88. Clay, K. 1991. Endophytes as antagonists of plant pests. In Microbial Ecology of Leaves (J. Andrews and S. Hirano, eds.). Springer-Verlag, NY, pp. 331-357. Clay, K. 1991. Fungal endophytes, grasses, and herbivores. In Microbial Mediation of Plant-Herbivore Interactions (C. Jones, V. Krischik and P. Barbosa, Eds.), John Wiley and Sons, NY, pp. 199-226. Stovall, M.E. and K. Clay. 1991. Adverse effects on fall armyworm feeding on fungus-free leaves of fungus-infected plants. Ecological Entomology 16:519-23. Madej, C.W. and K. Clay. 1991. Avian seed preference and weight loss experiments: the effect of fungal endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds. Oecologia 88:296-302. Stovall, M.E. and K. Clay. 1991. Fungitoxic effects of Balansia cyperi (Clavicipitaceae). Mycologia 83:288-295. Marks, S., K. Clay and G.P. Cheplick. 1991. Effects of fungal endophytes on interspecific and intraspecific competition in the grasses Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne. Journal of Applied Ecology 28:194-204. Clay, K. 1991. Parasitic castration of plants by fungi. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:162-166. Clay, K. 1990. Plant Population Biology (published book review). The Quarterly Review of Biology 65:105. Powell, R.G., R.D. Plattner, S.G. Yates, K. Clay and A. Leuchtmann. 1990. Ergobalansine, a new ergot-type peptide alkaloid from Cenchrus echinatus (sandbur grass) infected with Balansia obtecta, and produced in liquid culture of B. obtecta and B. cyperi. Journal of Natural Products 53:1272-1279. Clay, K. 1990. Insects, endophytic fungi and plants. In Pests, Pathogens, and Plant Communities (J. Burdon and S. Leather, eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 111-130. Clay, K. 1990. Use of fungal compounds by plants for defenses against herbivores. In Animal Nutrition and Transport Processes. 1. Nutrition in Wild and Domesticated Animals. pp. 133-145 (J. Mellinger, ed.) Karger, Basel. Clay, K. 1990. The impact of mutualistic and pathogenic fungi on competitive relationships among plants. In Perspectives on Plant Competition. pp. 391-412. (D. Tilman and J. Grace, eds.) Academic Press, NY. Clay, K. 1990. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:275-297. Plowman, T.C., A. Leuchtmann, C. Blaney and K. Clay. 1990. Significance of the fungus Balansia cyperi infecting medicinal species of Cyperus from Amazonia. Economic Botany 44: 452-462. Marks, S. and K Clay. 1990. Effects of fungal endophyte infection, CO2 and nutrients on the growth of two grasses. Oecologia 84:207-214. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1990. Isozyme variation in the Acremonium/Epichloë fungal endophyte complex. Phytopathology 80:1133-1139. Clay, K. 1990. Comparative demography of three graminoids infected by systemic, clavicipitaceous fungi. Ecology 71:558-570. Langevin, S., K. Clay, and J.B. Grace. 1990. Incidence and effects of hybridization between cultivated rice and red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Evolution 44:1000-1008. Cheplick, G.P. and K. Clay. 1989. Convergent evolution of cleistogamy and seed hetermorphism in two perennial grasses. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 3:127-136. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1989. Morphological, cultural and mating studies on Atkinsonella, including A. texensis. Mycologia 81:692-701. Clay, K. and A. Leuchtmann. 1989. Infection of woodland grasses by fungal endophytes. Mycologia 81:805-811. Clay, K. 1989. Trespassers will be poisoned. Natural History, September, 1989. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1989. Isozyme variation in the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon within and among populations of its host grasses. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:2600-2607. Clay, K., G.P. Cheplick, and S.M. Wray. 1989. Impact of the fungus Balansia henningsiana on the grass Panicum agrostoides: frequency of infection, plant growth, and reproduction, and resistance to pests. Oecologia 80:374-380. Clay, K. and D.A. Levin. 1989. Quantitative variation in Phlox: comparison of selfing and outcrossing species. American Journal of Botany 76:577-589. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1989. Experimental evidence for genetic variability in compatibility between the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon and its three host grasses. Evolution 43:825-834. Cheplick, G.P., K. Clay and S. Wray. 1989. Interactions between fungal endophyte infection and nutrient limitation in the grasses Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea. New Phytologist 111:89-97. Clay, K. 1989. Clavicipitaceous endophytes of grasses: Their potential as biocontrol agents. Mycological Research 92:1-12. Clay, K. and G.P. Cheplick. 1989. Effect of ergot alkaloids from fungal endophyte-infected grasses on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). J. Chem. Ecol. 15:169-182. Stovall, M.E. and K. Clay. 1988. The effect of the fungus Balansia cyperi on growth and reproduction of purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus. New Phytologist 109:351-359. Cheplick, G.P. and K. Clay. 1988. Acquired chemical defences of grasses: the role of fungal endophytes. Oikos 52:309-318. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1988. Experimental infection of host grasses and sedges with Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia cyperi (Balansiae, Clavicipitaceae). Mycologia 80:291-297. Leuchtmann, A. and K. Clay. 1988. Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia cyperi, epiphytic members of the Balansiae. Mycologia 80:192-199. Clay, K. 1988. Fungal endophytes of grasses: a defensive mutualism between plants and fungi. Ecology 69:10-16. Clay, K. 1988. Clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes of grasses: Coevolution and the change from parasitism to mutualism. In Co-evolution of Fungi with Plants and Animals. pp. 79-105. (K. Pirozynski and D.L. Hawksworth, Eds.). Academic Press. Clay, K. 1987. The effect of fungi on the interaction between host plants and their herbivores. Can. J. Plant Path. 9:380-388. Clay, K. 1987. Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea. Oecologia 73: 358-362. Jones, J.P. and K. Clay. 1987. Ascus and crozier development in the Balansiae. Can. J. Bot. 65: 1027-1030. Antonovics, J., K. Clay and J. Schmitt. 1987. The measurement of small-scale environmental heterogeneity using clonal transplants of Anthoxanthum odoratum and Danthonia spicata. Oecologia 71: 601-607. Kelley, S.E. and K. Clay. 1987. Interspecific competitive interactions and the maintenance of genotype variation within the populations of two perennial grasses. Evolution 41: 92-103. Clay, K. 1986. Induced vivipary in Cyperus virens and the transmission of the fungus Balansia cyperi. Can. J. Bot. 64:2984-2988. Hardy, T.N., K. Clay and A.M. Hammond, Jr. 1986. The effect of leaf age and related factors on endophyte-mediated resistance to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tall fescue. Env. Entom. 15:1083-1089. Clay, K. 1986. A new disease (Balansia cyperi) of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Plant Disease 70:597-599. Clay, K. and D. A. Levin. 1986. Environment-dependent intraspecific competition in Phlox drummondii. Ecology 67:37-45. Clay, K. 1986. Grass Endophytes. In Microbiology of the Phyllosphere (N.J. Fokkema and J. van den Heuvel, Eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 188-204. Clay, K., T.N. Hardy and A.M. Hammond, Jr. 1985. Fungal endophytes of Cyperus and their effect on an insect herbivore. Amer. J. Bot. 72:1284-1289. Clay, K., D. Dement and M. Rejmanek. 1985. Experimental evidence for host races in mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum). Amer. J. Bot. 72:1225-1231. Levin, D. A. and K. Clay. 1985. Extraneous pollen advantage in Phlox cuspidata. Heredity 54:145-148. Hardy, T.N., K. Clay and A.M. Hammond, Jr. 1985. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A bioassay for fungal endophytes of grasses. J. Econ. Entom. 78:571-575. Clay, K., T.N. Hardy and A.M. Hammond, Jr. 1985. Fungal endophytes of grasses and their effects on an insect herbivore. Oecologia 66:1-6. Clay, K. and J. Antonovics. 1985. Quantitative variation of progeny from chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in the grass Danthonia spicata. Evolution 39:335-348. Clay, K. and J. Antonovics. 1985. Demographic genetics of Danthonia spicata: Success of progeny from chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. Evolution 39:205-210. Clay, K. and J.P. Jones. 1984. Transmission of the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Clavicipitaceae) by cleistogamous seed of Danthonia spicata (Graminieae). Can. J. Bot. 62:2893-2898. Clay, K. 1984. The effect of the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Clavicipitaceae) on the reproductive system and demography of the grass Danthonia spicata. New Phytologist 98:165-175. Levin, D.A. and K. Clay. 1984. Dynamics of synthetic Phlox drummondii populations at the species margin. Amer. J. Bot. 71:1040-1050. Clay, K. 1983. Myrmechochory in the trailing arbutus (Epigaea repens L.). Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 110:166-169. Clay, K. 1983. Variation in the degree of cleistogamy within and among species of the grass Danthonia. Amer. J. Bot. 70:835-843. Clay, K. 1983. The differential establishment of seedlings from chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in Danthonia spicata. Oecologia 57:183-188. Clay, K. 1982. Environmental and genetic determinants of cleistogamy in a natural population of the grass Danthonia spicata. Evolution 36:734-741. "Ecological and genetic consequences of cleistogamy in the grass Danthonia spicata." PhD Dissertation, Department of Botany, Duke University, 1982. Clay, K. and R. Shaw. 1981. An experimental demonstration of density-dependent reproduction in a natural population of Diamorpha smallii, a rare annual. Oecologia 51:1-6. Clay, K. and N.C. Ellstrand. 1981. Stylar polymorphism in Epigaea repens, a dioecious species. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 108:305-310. Clay, K. and J. Quinn. 1978. Density of stomata and their responses to a moisture gradient in Danthonia sericea populations from wet and dry habitats. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 105:45-49.